St. Andrews in Fife, became the most important Christian center in Scotland by the 10th century. This beautifully simple cross design was taken from a fragment of a large cross shaft. This and other fragments were found built into the foundations of the east end of the “new cathedral”, begun in AD 1160. This new Cathedral has been in ruins for centuries. The ring or wheel around the outside of the cross was originally a symbol of Christ derived from the chi-rho monogram, although it is likely that the outer circle came to symbolize heaven (in conforming faith ancient symbolism) and the center of the cross, Christ in the center of heaven.